Table of Contents Link to heading

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While Florey researchers have also created a genetic test for PD (10% of PD cases are caused by genetic factors), this new test has a broader /1/ by screening for many different types of PD and monitoring treatment, as well as measuring the /2/ of drugs being developed to treat the disease. Dr. Qiao-Xin Li and colleagues from The University of Melbourne and The Mental Health Research Institute of Victoria, along with Prof Malcolm Horne from the Howard Florey Institute, found people with PD had low levels of the brain-secreted protein ‘alpha-syncline’ in their blood, /3/ people without PD had high levels of the protein. Prof Horne said the test they developed measured alpha-syncline levels in blood. “Currently there is no specific PD diagnostic test so doctors rely on their observations to make a diagnosis, which means some patients may not be prescribed the most suitable medication and around 15% of those /4/ may actually be suffering from something else,” Prof Horne said. Further studies are required to establish whether this test can /5/ between people who are responsive to treatment and those who are not," he said. The researchers are now conducting a large-scale study to determine the of the test, to discover whether it is applicable for all types of PD, and to find out if it can measure the rate of /6/ and severity of the disease.

Adoption / Function / Application / Operation Link to heading

A broad application

Effectiveness / Efficiency / Usage / Demand Link to heading

The effectiveness of drugs

Where / While / Which / When Link to heading

Two clauses have opposite meaning => while

Diagnosed / Having Diagnosed / Diagnosing / Having Been Diagnosed Link to heading

Diagnosed + O => Passive voice as O is missing behind

  1. .Wrong: 15% of those who have been diagnosed => 15% of those having been diagnosed
  2. .Right: 15% of those who are/have been diagnosed => 15% of those diagnosed

Determine / Denote / Recognise / Distinguish Link to heading

  1. Distinguish (between) A and B
  2. Distinguish A (from B)

Distinguish = Differentiate (same meaning/collocation)

Progression / Procedures / Progress / Process Link to heading

A and B : same word type and same tone

  1. Progress: develop to a better/improved state => positive
  2. Progression: change to the next state => positive or negative
    • Career progression: positive tone
    • Disease progression: negative tone

Choose progression as severity implies a negative tone.

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The most /1/ ingredient in Indian cooking, the /2/ element with which all dishes begin and, normally, the cheapest vegetable available, the pink onion is an essential item in the shopping basket of families of all classes. A popular saying holds that you will never starve because you can always afford a roti (a piece of simple, flat bread) and an onion. But in recent weeks, the onion has started to seem an unaffordable /3/ for India’s poor. Over the past few days, another sharp /4/ in prices has begun to unsettle the influential urban middle classes. The sudden /5/ in prices has been caused by large exports to neighbouring countries and a shortage of /6/. With its capacity for bringing down governments and scarring political careers, the onion plays an /7/ role in Indian politics. This week reports of rising onion prices have made front-page news and absorbed the attention of the governing elite.

Vital / Impressive / Affordable / Ordinary Link to heading

The pink onion is an “essential” item => vital

Simple / Basic / Great / Only Link to heading

=> basic

Simple refers to a process

Material / Luxury / Element / Ingredients Link to heading

An unaffordable luxury

  • Having a family is becoming an unaffordable luxury 🔗
  1. Luxury = extravagance = a thing that is expensive and pleasant but not essential
    • Foreign travel is still an expensive luxury that many cannot afford.
  2. Luxury = a pleasure or an advantage that you do not often have
    • I enjoyed/cannot afford the luxury of travelling business class.

Surge / Plummet / Decrease / Fluctuation Link to heading

A sharp surge in prices

  • Meaning of previous sentence: price increase affects low classes
  • Meaning of this sentence: price increase also affects middle classes

Spike / Climb / Progress / Improvement Link to heading

Spike = Surge

Climb expression tends not to be used.

Spike to be in parallel with surge in the previous sentence.

Supply / Need / Demand / Price Link to heading

A shortage of supply

Explosive / Vital / Amazing / Expensive Link to heading

Remove vital due to “an”

Play an explosive role

An explosive growth = a dramatic increase

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Serving on a jury is normally compulsory for individuals who are /1/ for jury service. A jury is /2/ to be an impartial panel capable of reaching a verdict. /3/ and requirements may include a fluent understanding of the language and the opportunity to test jurors’ neutrality or otherwise exclude jurors who are perceived as likely to be less than /4/ or partial to one side.

Jury Link to heading

A jury is a group of members of the public who listen to the facts of a case in a court and decide whether or not somebody is guilty of a crime, or whether a claim has been proved.

  • The jury has/have returned a verdict of guilty.
  • to be/sit/serve on a jury
  • the right to trial by jury

Juror = a member of the jury Jury service/duty = a period of time spent as a member of a jury in court

Qualified / Qualifier / Qualifying / Qualification Link to heading

To be qualified for/to do sth

Intend / Intended / Intending / Intentional Link to heading

  • To be intended for sb
  • To be intended as sth
  • To be intended to be/do sth

Intentional = deliberate

This sentence is a fact (talk about the role of a jury) => simple present tense

Manoeuvre / Logistics / Procedures / Nitty-gritty Link to heading

A and B : not require both nouns to be countable/uncountable

  1. Manoeuvre = a movement or set of movement performed with care and skill
    • Reversing round a corner is one of the manoeuvres you are required to perform in a driving test.
  2. The nitty-gritty = the basic or most important details of an issue or a situation
    • Time ran out before we could get down to the real nitty-gritty.

This sentence talks about a process => procedures

Biased / Neutral / Prejudiced / Discriminatory Link to heading

=> neutral

Neutral = unbiased = impartial: not support or help any side

Juror will be excluded if they are:

  1. less than neutral = not neutral
  2. partial to one side.

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Traditionally, mass communication research has conceptualised the process of communication in terms of a circulation circuit or loop. This /1/ has been criticised for its linearity—sender/message/receiver—for its concentration on the level of message exchange and for the absence of a structured conception of the different moments as a complex structure of relations. But it is also possible (and /2/ i) to think of this process in terms of a structure produced and sustained through the articulation of linked /3/ distinctive moments—production, circulation, distribution/consumption, reproduction. This would be to think of the /4/ as a “complex structure in dominance,” sustained through the articulation of connected practices, each of which, however, retains its distinctiveness and has its own /5/ modality, its own forms and conditions of existence.

Model / Mock up / Copy / Replicate Link to heading

=> model

“model”, in this context, means a description of a system or process; not a copy of something.

  • propose/construct/test a model

Mock up: to create a sample of something used for testing or for showing people what the real thing will look like.

Duplicate: to make an exact copy (a facsimile) of something, to have an exact pair of something, to reproduce an exact copy from an original.

Replicate: to reproduce something or to construct a copy of something. For instance, when scientists attempt to conduct an experiment which has been conducted by others, they are attempting to reproduce the same results or replicate the results. If an artist attempts to reproduce a copy of another artist’s painting, he is replicating the work as it is not the exact same painting.

Copy can refer to a range of things. It can mean making an exact replica of something or reproducing something in a different context or environment.

Useful / Implied / Forgivable / Unnecessary Link to heading

=> useful

This sentence has a positive tone because of the word “but” - contrary with the previous sentence that has a negative tone due to the word “criticised”

In / After / By / But Link to heading

=> but

The articulation of linked ___ distinctive moments

Of + noun => “linked ___ distinctive” is an adjective => only “but” can connect two adjectives to imply the contrary adjectives.

Example: PTE test is challenging but/yet rewarding journey.

Formula / Event / Process / Stance Link to heading

A stance (on sth) = an opinion that somebody has about sth and expresses publicly

  • The doctor’s stance on the issue of abortion is well known.
  • He is known for his anti-abortion stance.

Specific / Vague / Ambiguous / Impetuous Link to heading

Distinctiveness => specific

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Dictatorship is not a modern concept. Two thousand years ago, during the period of the Roman Empire, exceptional powers were sometimes given by the Senate to /1/ dictators such as Sulla and Julius Caesar. The /2/ was that the dictatorship would be temporary and that it would make it /3/ to take swift and effective action to deal with an emergency. There is some /4/ as to how this term should be applied today. Should it be used in its original form to describe the temporary exercise of emergency powers? Or can it now be /5/ in a much broader sense — as common usage suggests?

Indefinite / Individual / Initiative / Inclusive Link to heading

=> individual

Initiative (noun) = a new plan

  • to launch an initiative for human rights

Indefinite = not exact/clear

  • an indefinite situation or period has not been decided when it will end.
  • an indefinite future/leave of absence

Intention / Reality / Problem / Result Link to heading

Implied meaning of sentence => intention

Unnecessary / Considerable / Determined / Possible Link to heading

=> make it possible for sb to do sth = enable/allow sb to do sth

Take swift (=quick) action/decision

Condition / Situation / Disagreement / Information Link to heading

=> disagreement

Should it be used …? Or can it now be …?

Two side of ideas => there is some disagreement as to …

Granted / Applied / Denied / Produced Link to heading

It => this term => apply

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With their punk hairstyles and bright colours, marmosets and tamarins are among the most attractive primates on earth. These fast-moving, lightweight animals live in the rainforests of South America. Their small size /1/ it easy for them to /2/ about the trees, catching insects and small animals such as lizards, frogs, and snails. Marmosets have another unusual food /3/- they use their chisel-like incisor teeth to /4/ into tree bark and lap up the gummy sap that seeps out, leaving telltale, oval-shaped holes in the /5/ when they have finished. But as vast tracts of rainforest are cleared for plantations and cattle ranches marmosets and tamarins are in serious /6/ of extinction.

Gets / Makes / Takes / Drives Link to heading

=> makes

Dart / Darn / Dare / Dampen Link to heading

=> dart

Dart:

  1. to move suddenly and quickly in a particular direction
      • adv./prep.
        • A dog darted across the road.
    • [noun]: make a dart for = move quickly towards
      • We made a dart for the exit.
  2. to look at somebody suddenly and quickly
    • dart a glance/look (at somebody)
      • He darted an impatient look at Vicky.
    • dart somebody a glance/look
      • He darted Vicky an impatient look.

Darn:

  • to repair a hole in a piece of clothing by sewing stitches across the hole
  • often used with socks
  • e.g. She still darns the holes in her socks.

Dampen:

  1. = damp: to make sth slightly wet
    • I dampened a paper towel and wiped the surface clean.
  2. to make sth such as a feeling or a reaction less strong
    • None of the setbacks could dampen his enthusiasm for the project.

Quantity / Diet / Source / Amount Link to heading

=> source

Dig / Piss / Move / Translate Link to heading

=> dig

Bark (n) = the outer layer of a tree

Lap up sth = to enjoy sth very much:

  • We walked around the city, lapping up the atmosphere.

Roots / Twigs / Leaves / Branches Link to heading

=> branches

Twig = a small, very thin branch that grows out of a larger branch on a bush or tree

Need / Danger / Condition / Eagerness Link to heading

=> danger

In danger of extinction = on the verge of extinction = threatened with extinction = face extinction

  • The mountain gorilla is on the verge of extinction.

116 Link to heading

This course provides students with an in-depth understanding of the exciting disciplines of politics and international relations. Students will learn about the /1/ of political institutions in countries around the world and explore the complex field of relations between nations. Topics in governance, public policy, public administration, national security, border control, and commerce ensure that students receive a /2/ and current education in the range of issues that are covered under the label of politics and international relations. Students will undertake four compulsory units and two majors, one in politics and international relations and the other in governance and policy. They will also choose an elective major from a wide choice of /3/ including political communication, international studies, international business, and national security studies. In addition to acquiring specialist /4/ and competencies in Politics and International Relations, students will graduate with a range of generic skills such as critical thinking, enhanced communication abilities, problem-solving and strong capacities to work with others. They will also develop ethically based and socially /5/ attitudes and behaviours.

Workings / Agencies / Handling / Executing Link to heading

=> workings

Working [uncountable]: the action of doing work

  • More businesses now offer flexible working.

Workings [plural]: the way in which a machine, a system, an organisation, etc. works

  • the machine’s inner workings

“handle” and “execute” refer to a smaller scope, such as a task or project.

Broad / Heavy / Whole / Severe Link to heading

=> a broad education

Options / Selections / Operations / Alterations Link to heading

=> options

“selection” needs to be based on a system, given the selection criteria.

A wide/good choice of = a number of

  • [singular, uncountable]
  • The curtains come in a choice of twelve different colours.
  • I can’t decide. There’s too much choice (= I am spoilt for choice).

Knowledge / Brainpower / Familiarity / Intelligence Link to heading

=> knowledge

Brainpower = the ability to think; intelligence

  • Most humans only use a fraction of their total useful brainpower.

Responsible / Respectable / Resisting / Reliable Link to heading

=> responsible

115 Link to heading

The process of delegation comprises the decision to delegate, the briefing, and the follow-up. At each of these points, you /1/ the potential problems. When you delegate, you are not delegating the right to perform a/an /2/ , you are delegating the right to make decisions. It is important to be /3/ as the person to whom you delegate may have a better and faster way of completing a job than you. /4/ responsibility for a delegated task remains with you. It is helpful to others if you can provide /5/ feedback on their performance. Too much criticism is far more harmful than too much praise.

Weigh / Regard / Anticipate / Appreciate Link to heading

=> anticipate the potential problems

Anticipate = expect

  • anticipate [sth] [doing sth]
  • We don’t anticipate any major problems.
  • They anticipate moving to bigger premises by the end of the year.
  • I don’t anticipate it being a problem.

Weigh = Consider carefully

  • weigh (up) sth [against sth]
  • usually between two parties
  • You must weigh up the pros and cons.
  • I weighed the benefits of the plan against the risks involved.

Delegate Link to heading

  • to give part of your work, power or authority to somebody in a lower position than you
  • delegate (sth) (to sb)
  • The job had to be delegated to an assistant.

Action / Target / Project / Innovation Link to heading

=> perform an action

Prepared / Flexible / Elective / Unwilling Link to heading

=> flexible

Broad / Overall / Inclusive / Extensive Link to heading

=> overall

Rewarding / Constructive / Serviceable / Advantageous Link to heading

=> constructive criticism/suggestions/advice/feedback

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Socrates lived in Athens in the second half of the 5th century. As a young man he is believed to /1/ natural philosophy, looking at the various explanations of the nature of the universe, but then became involved in the politics of the city-state and /2/ with more down to earth ethical issues, such as the nature of justice. /3/, he was not interested in winning arguments, or arguing for the sake of making money - a charge that was levelled at many his contemporaries. /4/ was he seeking answers or explanations - he was simply examining the basis of the concepts we apply to ourselves such as good, bad and just, for he believed that understanding what we are is the first task of philosophy.

Has Been Studying / Be Studying / Have Studied / Study Link to heading

=> have been studying

Carrying / Concerned / Attentive / Occupying Link to heading

=> concerned

While / Somehow / Whereas / However Link to heading

=> however

Nor / Never / Either / While Link to heading

=> nor

“either” cannot be in an inversion, but “neither/nor” can

  • We didn’t get to see the castle, neither/nor did we see the cathedral.

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Wilful blindness first emerged as a legal concept in the nineteenth century. A judge in Regina v. Sleep ruled that an accused could not be convicted for possession of government property unless the jury found that he either knew the goods came from government stores or had “wilfully shut his eyes to the fact.” /1/, English judicial authorities referred to the state of /2/ that accompanied one who “wilfully shut his eyes” as “connivance” or “constructive knowledge.” Over time, lots of other phrases came into play—“deliberate or wilful ignorance,” “conscious avoidance,” and “deliberate indifference.” What they all have in common is the idea that there is an /3/ for knowledge and a responsibility to be informed, but both are shirked. Nowadays, the law is most often applied in cases of money laundering and drug trafficking: if you’ve been paid a large amount of money to carry a suitcase, then you are being wilfully blind if you don’t check what is inside. What’s most contentious about the /4/ of wilful blindness is that it carries no implication that the avoidance of the truth is conscious. The law doesn’t care why you remain ignorant, only that you do.

Herein / Thereby / Herewith / Thereafter Link to heading

=> Thereafter

Thereafter

  • after the time or event mentioned
  • She married at 17 and gave birth to her first child shortly thereafter (= soon after that).
  • For the first month you’ll be working here, and thereafter in Chicago.

Herein

  • in this place, document, statement or fact
  • The people have no faith in their government, and herein lies the root of the problem.
  • All opinions expressed herein are solely those of the author.

Herewith

  • together with this letter, book or document
  • I enclose herewith a copy of the policy.
  • I enclose three documents herewith.

Thereafter / Therefrom / Therein / Thereof / Thereon / Thereto / Thereunder / Thereupon / Therewith Link to heading

Common meaning of every term: ___ the thing mentioned

Some different meanings:

  1. therein lies + noun: used to emphasise the result or consequence of a particular situation
  • He works extremely hard and therein lies the key to his success.
  1. thereupon: immediately after the situation mentioned; as a direct result of the situation mentioned
  • The audience thereupon rose cheering to their feet.
  1. therewith: soon or immediately after that

Hereafter Link to heading

  1. in the rest of this document
  • (also hereinafter) (law) (in legal documents, etc.)
  • This contract is between Mrs Green (hereafter referred to as the vendor) and Mr Quain (hereafter referred to as the purchaser).
  1. starting from this time; from now on
  • I will let you in this time, but hereafter you have to get permission in advance.
  1. the hereafter = afterlife = life after death
  • She had a firm conviction that they would meet again in the hereafter.

Thereabouts Link to heading

  1. near the place mentioned
  • He comes from Leeds or thereabouts.
  1. used to say that a particular number, quantity, time, etc. is not exact
  • She must be about 60 or thereabouts.

Where … Link to heading

Wilful Blindness Link to heading

  • a legal concept
  • “if there are things that you should know, could know, and somehow manage not to know, the law holds you responsible.”

Affairs / Play / Mind / Emergency Link to heading

=> mind

State of mind:

  • a person’s mood and the effect that mood has on the person’s thinking and behaviour:
  • I was not in the right state of mind to laugh at his jokes.

Current affairs/events

  • political news about events happening now
  • The volume of e-mails ranged from 5 to 25 e-mails per day depending on current affairs.

Occasion / Interest / Alternative / Opportunity Link to heading

=> opportunity

Legal Concept / Judgement Idea / Court Case / Formal Trial Link to heading

=> legal concept

Contentious Link to heading

  • involving or likely to cause disagreement and argument
  • a contentious issue/topic/subject/meeting/decision/policy/subject
  • She has some very contentious views on education.

285 Link to heading

It is an original work, not an excerpted passage. An abstract must be fully self-contained and /1/ sense by itself, without further reference to outside sources or to the actual paper. It highlights key content areas, your research purpose, the relevance or importance of your work, and the main outcomes. It is a well-developed single paragraph of approximately 250 words /2/ length, which is indented and single spaced. The function of the abstract is to outline briefly all parts of the paper. /3/ it is placed at the beginning of your paper, immediately following the title page, the abstract should be the last thing that you write, /4/ you are sure of the conclusions you will reach.

Make / Get / Give / Take Link to heading

=> make sense

  • to have a meaning that you can easily understand

To / Within / In / From Link to heading

=> in length

  • The river is 300 miles in length.
  • The river has/reaches a length of 300 miles.

Is Placed / Has Omitted / Is Transferring / Started Link to heading

=> is placed

Omit = exclude = leave out

  • Single-spaced = having no blank lines between the lines writing.
  • Double-spaced = having one blank lines between the lines writing.

Then / Before / And / Once Link to heading

=> once = as soon as = immediately after

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A novel invention for helping farmers to dry out hay more quickly has won a University of Glasgow graduate a prestigious design award.Gavin Armstrong, 23, from Kippen, Stirlingshire /1/ the Glasgow 1999 Design Medal for his design for a swath inverter— a /2/ for flipping over a hay crop to help dry out the damp underside. Dry hay is an essential farmyard food source for sheep and cows. Gavin came up with the design as part of his Product Design Engineering degree course, run in /3/ with Glasgow School of Art. He built a working prototype of the device which is powered and towed by a tractor and uses a pair of parallel belts to invert the swath. The rollers are driven from one hydraulic motor and are geared so as to spin at the same speed and in opposite directions /4/ that the touching inner two faces of the belt that perform the inversion move rearwards at the same speed.

Renewed / Consigned / Forged / Scooped Link to heading

=> scooped

Scoop

  1. scoop (up) prize/$$/vote
  • to win a prize/money/vote
  • He scooped £10 000 on the lottery.
  • The party is expected to scoop up the majority of the working-class vote.
  1. scoop sb/sth
  • to publish a story before all the other newspapers, television companies, etc.
  • The paper had inside information and scooped all its rivals.

Forge passport/banknote/document

  • to make an illegal copy of sth in order to cheat people
  • He’s getting good at forging his mother’s signature.

Consign sth to sb

  1. to send goods or documents to a person or company:
  • The goods will be consigned to you by air freight.
  1. to give sth to an auctioneer and ask them to sell it for you:
  • Most items that you consign to us for sale will be illustrated in our online catalogue.

Device / Situation / Suggestion / Prediction Link to heading

=> device

A swath inverter is a device for flipping over a hay crop to help dry out the damp underside

Swathe (n) /sweɪð/ = swath /swɒθ/

  • a large area of sth, especially land
  • Huge/vast swathes of rainforest are being cleared for farming and mining.
  • The front door was open and a swathe of sunlight lay across the floor.

(be) swathed in sth

  • to wrap or cover sb/sth in sth
  • He was lying on the hospital bed, swathed in bandages.
  • I love to swathe (= dress) myself in silk.

Sb/sth cut a swathe through sth

  • to pass through a particular area destroying a large part of it
  • The typhoon cut a swathe through the village.

Comparison / Accordance / Conjunction / Contrast Link to heading

=> conjunction

In conjunction with

  • in collaboration with = together with

In accordance with sth

  • according to a rule or the way that somebody says that sth should be done
  • We must act in accordance with the school regulations.

Ensuring / Denying / Supposing / Imposing Link to heading

=> ensuring

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Assessments of language learning in 18-month-olds suggest that children are better at grasping the names of objects with repeated syllables, over words with non-identical syllables. Researchers say the study may help explain /1/ some words or phrases, such as ’train’ and ‘good night’, have given rise to versions with repeated syllables, such as choo-choo and night-night. The researchers say such words are easier for infants to learn, and may provide them /2/ a starter point for vocabulary learning. A team from the University of Edinburgh assessed the infants’ language learning behaviour in a series of /3/ and attention tests using pictures on a computer screen of two unfamiliar objects. The two objects were named with /4/ words which were /5/ to the infants by a recorded voice – one with two identical syllables, for example neenee, and the other without repeated syllables, such as bolay. The infants were then tested for their recognition of /6/ word. Recordings of their eye movements showed they looked more reliably at the object labelled with repeated syllables, than the other object. Researchers validated their results with a control test, in which the infants responded to pictures of familiar objects – such as a dog or an apple.

Why / However / That / Whether Link to heading

=> explain why + clause

Under / With / Above / In Link to heading

=> provide sb with sth = provide sth for/to sb

Audio / Accessible / Deceptive / Visual Link to heading

=> visual .. tests using pictures

Deceptive = misleading

  • giving the wrong idea or impression and making you believe sth that is not true
  • deceive sb (into doing sth)

Made-up / Modifying / Singular / Individual Link to heading

=> made-up

The tests make up (invent) names.

Customise / Modify Link to heading

  1. customise - to make or change sth to suit the needs of the owner or user
  2. modify - to change sth slightly, especially in order to make it more suitable for a particular purpose

Accumulated / Accommodated / Accelerated / Communicated Link to heading

=> communicate sth (to sb)

Accumulate

  1. amass sth
  • to gradually collect more and more of something
  • He accumulated/amassed a fortune from silver mining.
  • They accumulated/amassed enough evidence to convict her.
  1. build up
  • to gradually increase in number or amount
  • Dust and dirt will keep on accumulating if the room is not cleaned regularly.

Each / Another / Dual / One Link to heading

=> each

111 Link to heading

Info
History is /1/. What history books tell us about the past is not everything that happened, but what historians have /2/. They cannot put in everything: choices have to be made. Choices must similarly be made about which aspects of the past should be formally taught to the next generation in the /3/ of school history lessons. So, for example, when a national school curriculum for England and Wales was first discussed at the end of the 1980s, the history curriculum was the /4/ of considerable public and media /5/. Politicians argued about it; people wrote letters to the press about it; the Prime Minister of the time, Margaret Thatcher, /6/ in the debate. Let us think first about the question of content. There were two main camps on this issue — those who thought the history of Britain should take /7/ of place, and those who favoured what was referred to as ‘world history’.

Restive / Elective / Selective / Deceptive Link to heading

=> selective

Restive

  • unable to be patient
    • The audience was growing increasingly restive as they waited for the performance to begin.
  • [government]: unable to stay still, or unwilling to be controlled, especially because you feel bored or not satisfied
    • Communist leaders struggled to rule over increasingly restive populations.

Pointed / Selected / Deleted / Translated Link to heading

=> selected

Historians select what information about the past to be in history books.

Edge / Case / Shape / Creation Link to heading

=> shape

In the shape of sth

  • in the form of sth, or appearing as sth
  • Luckily, help arrived in the shape of a police officer.

In the case of sb/sth

  • in connection with sb or sth, or in the situation of sth
  • This greatly increases the cost of making vaccines, especially in the case of the flu virus.

Core / Object / Subject / Concern Link to heading

=> subject

To be the subject of sth

  • to cause sth
  • This issue has been a subject of public debate for years.

Interest / Internet / Paramount / Importance Link to heading

=> interest

Need a noun => exclude “paramount” (adj)

  • more important than anything else
  • /ˈpærəmaʊnt/
  • Safety is paramount
  • Safety is of paramount importance.
  • Paramountcy is given to safety.

Intervened / Intersected / Intertwined / Interpenetrated Link to heading

=> intervened

Intervene

  • to become involved in a situation in order to improve or help it
  • intervene [intransitive]
    • She might have been killed if the neighbours hadn’t intervened.
  • intervene in sth
    • The President intervened personally in the crisis.
  • intervene between A and B
    • She went over to intervene between the two men.
  • intervene against sb
    • They would not intervene against the rebels themselves.
  • intervene (with sb) (on behalf of sb)
    • attempts to intervene with the authorities on the prisoners’ behalf
  • intervene to do sth
    • They intervened to halt the attack.

Intertwine /ˌɪntəˈtwaɪn/

  1. if two or more things intertwine or are intertwined, they are twisted together so that they are very difficult to separate
  • The trees’ branches intertwine to form a dark roof over the path.
  • Those intertwining branches form a dark roof over the path.
  1. to be or become very closely connected with sth/sb else
  • be (closely/inextricably) intertwined
  • The applied marketing approach is inextricably intertwined with the fortunes of the company.

Out / Hand / Pride / History Link to heading

=> pride

Have/take pride of place

  • = to be given pride of place
  • to have the most important position in a group of things
  • A portrait of his grandfather takes pride of place in the entrance hall.

110 Link to heading

Info
There isn’t a financial director around who wouldn’t like to /1/ cash flow by reducing debtor days – in other words, get customers to pay up faster. In Europe’s top 1,000 quoted companies, nearly one-quarter of all invoices are unpaid at any /2/ in time, according to recent research carried out by the ASF organisation. This means they are sitting on a total of 274bn overdue debt. Most of this is caused by poor collection practices. According to Jan Porter, ASF’s Managing Director, “You can set up all the systems you want, you can /3/ on water light contracts and payment terms, the government can even introduce late payment legislation, but there are always some debtors who /4/ to pay on time. Once payment is overdue, your first step is to talk to your debtor. You should let them know the payment is late and try to find out if there is a /5/ about the work, or if your debtor has financial problems.” This is okay, but Tim Vainio, a chartered accountant, believes that too many companies are afraid of losing a relationship, and that, before /6/ any action; the focus should be on /7/ as much money as possible, rather than on preserving a relationship.

Defecate / Celibate / Accelerate / Decelerate Link to heading

=> accelerate

Accelerate >< Decelerate

  • [intransitive] to happen faster or earlier
    • Inflation continues to accelerate.
  • [transitive] to make sth happen faster or earlier
    • Exposure to the sun can accelerate the ageing process.

Defaecate

  • to excrete (= get rid of solid waste) from your body through your bowels
  • Cats feel vulnerable when they are defecating and do not like to have anyone near them at that time.

Need a verb => exclude “celibate” (adj/n)

  1. celibate (n) = virgin (n)
  • a person who has chosen not to marry; a person who never has sex
  1. celibate (adj)
  • not married and not having sex, especially for religious reasons
    • Catholic priests are required to be celibate.
  • simply not having sex
    • I’ve been celibate for the past six months.

Luck / Point / Waster / Matter Link to heading

=> point

  • At any (give) point in time = any moment that has occurred, is occurring, or will occur
  • At this point in time = at the present moment; right now

Insist / Desist / Resist / Consist Link to heading

=> insist

Desist (from sth/from doing sth)

  • to stop doing sth
  • It would be wise to desist from this activity forthwith (= at once; immediately).

Win / Fail / Need / Reduce Link to heading

=> fail

Repute / Tribute / Dispute / Contribute Link to heading

=> dispute

Dispute

  • an argument between two people, groups or countries; discussion about a subject on which people disagree
  1. industrial/pay disputes
  2. dispute between A and B
    • a dispute between the two countries about the border
  3. dispute over/about sth
    • the latest dispute over working rights
  4. in dispute with somebody/sth
    • The union is in dispute with management over working hours.
  5. in/under dispute
    • The cause of the accident was still in dispute (= being argued about).
  6. beyond dispute
    • The matter was settled beyond dispute by the court judgement (= it could no longer be argued about).
  7. open to dispute
    • His theories are open to dispute (= can be disagreed with).

Repute

  1. of good/high/(some) | ill/low | international repute
    • My parents were rappers of (some) repute.
    • She is a writer of international repute.
  2. hold someone in high/low repute
    • to respect someone very much/very little
  3. house of ill repute/fame
    • a euphemistic name for brothel

Doing / Relying / Resulting / Undertaking Link to heading

=> undertaking

Covering / Resuming / Recovering / Consuming Link to heading

=> recovering

Recover sth (from sb/sth)

  • = recoup
  • [finance]
  • to get back the same amount of money that you have spent or that is owed to you
  • We hope to recover/recoup our initial investment in the first year.

109 Link to heading

Info
Over the past ten years, Australian overseas departures have grown from 1.7 million to 3.2 million. This /1/ strong average, annual growth of 6.5 per cent. This paper /2/ outbound travel demand to each destination country using the travel demand models of short-term resident departures. The models are specified in terms of a double logarithmic linear functional form, with overseas departures as the dependent variable and real household /3/ income, prices of travel and accommodation in Australia, and overseas and the exchange rate as independent /4/. The models were estimated using historical time series data from 1973 to 1998. The data were obtained from several /5/ such as the World Tourism Organisation, Australian Bureau of Statistics, World Bank, and International Monetary Fund. The results suggest that the estimated elasticity parameters are /6/ with standard economic theory. The number of short-term resident departures is positively influenced by per capita real household disposable income; the price of domestic travel and accommodation are /7/ influenced by the price of travel and accommodation overseas. The estimated demand models were used to develop the Tourism Forecasting Council’s long-run forecasts. The forecasts suggest that the number of short-term resident departures will increase strongly over the next ten years, largely due to the strength of the Australian economy, competitive travel prices, and Australian’s interest in /8/ different cultures and lifestyles.

Means / Triggers / Confirms / Represents Link to heading

=> represents

Controls / Declares / Analyses / Eliminates Link to heading

=> analyses

Disposing / Disposable / Disposed / Dispose Link to heading

=> disposable

Disposable

  • available for use; spendable money
  • disposable assets/capital/resources
  • a person’s disposable income (= money they are free to spend after paying taxes and other necessary expenses)

Variables / Parties / Drivers / Facts Link to heading

=> variables

Banks / Sources / Regions / Schemes Link to heading

=> sources

Consistent / Relevant / Commit / Argued Link to heading

=> consistent

Negative / Navigate / Negatively / Negotiation Link to heading

=> negatively

Dealing / Utilising / Undertaking / Experiencing Link to heading

=> experiencing

108 Link to heading

Info
The principal recommendation of the world conferences was that countries must take full responsibility for their own development. National responsibility for national development is the necessary consequence of /1/ . The Monterrey Consensus states that ‘Each country has primary responsibility for its own economic and social development, and the role of national policies and development strategies cannot be /2/ . National development strategies and policies are therefore critically important. This was reflected most recently at the 2005 Summit when Member States agreed on a target date of 2006 for all developing countries to adopt and start to implement these strategies to achieve the internationally agreed development goals and objectives, including the M DGs. The automatic /3/ of that principle is that each country must be free to determine its own development strategy. It is essential that all donors and lenders accept the principle of country ownership of national development strategies. This implies the acceptance of the principle that development strategies should not only be /4/ to country circumstances, but also be prepared and implemented under the leadership of the governments of the countries themselves. The 2005 World Summit also acknowledged, in this regard, that all countries must recognise the need for developing countries to strike a /5/ between their national policy priorities and their international commitments.

Reign / Herein / Meridian / Sovereignty Link to heading

=> sovereignty

Need a noun => exclude “herein”

Sovereignty

  • /ˈsɒvrənti/
  • (over sth)
  • the complete power of a country to control its own government
  • Talks are being held about who should have sovereignty over the island.

Reign

  • /reɪn/
  1. the period during which a king, queen, emperor, etc. rules
  • in/during a reign
  • The house was built during the reign of Henry VIII.
  1. the period during which somebody is in charge of an organisation, a team, etc.

Meridian

  • an imaginary line between the North Pole and the South Pole, drawn on maps to help to show the position of a place
  • The prime meridian of longitude is in Greenwich, London.

Underscored / Overwhelming / Overemphasised / Underestimated Link to heading

=> overemphasised

Cannot be overemphasised = to be critically important

  • The importance of strict hygiene in the preparation of food cannot be overemphasised.

Although “underestimated” is still correct, due to “critically important” hint, overemphasised is given pride of place.

Corollary / System / Fact / Link Link to heading

=> Corollary

Corollary

  • /kəˈrɒləri/
  • corollary (of/to sth)
  • sth that is the direct result of sth else
  • Unfortunately, violence is the inevitable corollary of such a revolutionary change in society.

Led / Attuned / Destroyed / Contributed Link to heading

=> attuned

Be/become attuned (to sb/sth)

  • familiar with sb/sth so that you can understand or recognise them or it and act in an appropriate way
  • a person who is attuned to fashion has a keen understanding and appreciation for it
  • She has not yet to be attuned to her baby’s needs.

Win / Goal / Balance / Objective Link to heading

=> balance

Strike a balance (between sth) = strike the right balance (between sth)

  • to give the correct amount of importance or attention to two separate things
  • He was finding it difficult to strike a balance between his family and his work.

107 Link to heading

Info
One distinguishing feature of a business is its economic character. In the world of business, we interact with each other, not as family members, friends, or neighbours, but as buyers and sellers, employers and employees, and the /1/ . Trading, for example, is often /2/ by hard bargaining, in which both sides conceal their full hand and perhaps /3/ in some bluffing. And a skilled salesperson is /4/ in the art of arousing a customer’s attention to /5/ the sale. Still, there is an ethics of trading that prohibits the use of false or /6/ claims and tricks such as “bait-and-switch” advertising.

Like / Other / Similar / Different Link to heading

=> like

And the like

  1. = and others of a similar nature = and so on/forth = and others = and similar things = et cetera
    • In her garden, she grows various herbs such as basil, rosemary, thyme, and the like.
  2. = to name a few
    • In her garden, she grows various herbs such as basil, rosemary, and thyme, to name a few.

Gone / Beaten / Defeated / Accompanied Link to heading

=> accompanied

Accompanied

  1. accompanied by sth
  • provided with or existing at the same time as sth
  • The salmon was accompanied by a fresh green salad.
  1. accompanied by sb
  • If someone is accompanied by another person, they go somewhere together:
  • He was usually accompanied by his bodyguards.

Conceal your full hand Link to heading

  1. In the context of games like poker, where players keep their cards hidden from others.
  • During the high-stakes poker game, John decided to conceal his full hand. He kept his poker face, not giving any indication of the strong cards he held. His opponents were left guessing, unaware of the royal flush that was about to beat them.
  1. In a broader context, it means to hide one’s true intentions, plans, or capabilities from others. This could be done to maintain an element of surprise or to prevent others from counteracting one’s plans. It’s a metaphorical way of saying that someone is not revealing all that they know or can do.
  • In the business negotiations, the company decided to conceal their full hand. They did not disclose all the resources and strategies they had at their disposal, in order to maintain a competitive edge.

Go / Set / Lead / Engage Link to heading

=> engage

Bluff Link to heading

  • (n) and (v)
  • to try to make sb believe that you will do sth that you do not really intend to do, or that you know sth that you do not really know
  • The complexity arises when all players know how to bluff and double-bluff.

Double-bluff

  • (n) and (v)
  • cleverly deceive sb, especially by telling that person the truth when they think you are telling lies

Well-versed / Well-Viewed / Well-prepared / Well-organised Link to heading

=> well-versed

To be well-versed in sth

  • having a lot of knowledge about sth, or skill at sth
  • She is well-versed in the art of persuasion.

Clinch / Clench / Clutch / Crunch Link to heading

=> clinch

Clinch sth

  1. to finally agree on something
  • to clinch an argument/a deal/a sale
  • a young salesman eager to clinch the deal
  1. to get something after trying very hard
  • clinch a match/championship/victory
  • A last-minute touchdown clinched the game.

Clench

  1. to hold your hands, teeth etc together tightly, usually because you feel angry or determined
  • clench your fists/teeth/jaw etc
  • He clenched his fists involuntarily in anger.
  1. to hold something tightly in your hand or between your teeth
  • a cigar clenched between his teeth

Clutch

  1. = grip/grasp
  • to hold sth tightly because you do not want to lose it
  1. clutch at somebody’s heart
  • if something clutches at your heart, you suddenly feel fear or nervous

Emotive / Eruptive / Deceptive / Conceptive Link to heading

=> deceptive

106 Link to heading

Info
A Massey ecologist has teamed up with a leading wildlife photographer to produce the definitive book on New Zealand’s national bird, the kiwi. Kiwi: A Natural History /1/ by Dr. Isabel Castro and /2/ photographs by Rod Morris. Dr Castro has been working with the kiwi /3/ 1999, with a focus on their behaviour. “I’ve specifically been looking at the sense of smell that kiwi uses when foraging, but /4/ in their interactions with their environment and other kiwis,” she says. “They really are a very unique bird. They are a collection of odd characteristics – some of them coming from dinosaurs – that have been patched together in a strange way.” She says the book is /5/ at a general audience “and compiles all of the literature that has already been written about kiwi, it is a great reference tool”. The book covers all aspects of kiwi, from their evolution, prehistory, and closest relatives to their feeding and breeding behaviour and current conservation issues, /6/ this the perfect /7/ for anyone with an interest in these fascinating birds. There are five recognised species of kiwi, /8/ unevenly in locations throughout New Zealand and ranging from the most widespread, the North Island brown kiwi, to the most endangered, the rowi. The book is the second title in a new /9/ on New Zealand’s wildlife, targeted at a family readership.

Wrote / Written / Was written / Has been written Link to heading

=> was written

A Natural History [S] + was written [V] ___ and features [V] photographs ___

  • They are two distinct activities, thereby not requiring parallelism.

Does / Features / Consists / Characters Link to heading

=> features

Feature sth

  • to include someone or something as an important part:
  • This week’s broadcast features a report on victims of domestic violence.

Since / Never / After / Before Link to heading

=> since

Also / None / Neither / Usually Link to heading

=> also

Although “but also” can be used without “not only” to imply “in addition to”, it’s less common and might sound awkward in some contexts.

  • e.g. “She is intelligent, but also hard-working.”
  • In this case, the phrase “but also” is used to add the idea that she is hard-working in addition to being intelligent.

The meaning implied in the question context is:

  • In addition to studying the kiwi’s sense of smell during foraging, the speaker is also studying how it interacts with its environment and other kiwis.

Forage Link to heading

/ˈfɒrɪdʒ/

  1. (v)
    1. to go from place to place searching for things that you can eat or use
      • (for sth)
      • The children had been living on the streets, foraging for scraps (= leftover or discarded food).
      • The pigs foraged in the woods for acorns.
    2. to search for something with your hands in a bag, drawer etc
      • = rummage = ferret around
      • forage around/through/among etc
      • She foraged around in her purse and produced her ticket.
      • Her assistant was foraging in a cupboard for some envelopes.
  2. (n)
    • food for horses and cows
      • forage crops/grass
      • winter forage
      • We’ll have to maximise home-grown forages so we can cut back on grain.

Put / Aimed / Pointed / Purposed Link to heading

=> aimed

Make / Makes / Making / Has made Link to heading

=> making

Introduces / Introduction / Introducing / Introductory Link to heading

=> introduction

Distributed / Contributed / Attributed / Responded Link to heading

=> distributed

Set / Book / Start / Series Link to heading

=> series

Series is a plural, and/but also a singular, noun.

Zero Plural or Invariable/Invariant Nouns Link to heading

Info
Nouns that have the same form in both singular and plural.
  • Aircraft: Any machine capable of flying by means of buoyancy or aerodynamic forces, such as an aeroplane, helicopter, glider, or balloon.
  • Bison: A type of large, humpbacked bovine animal native to North America and Europe.
  • Deer: A type of large herbivorous mammal with antlers and hooves.
  • Fish: An aquatic animal with gills and fins, living in both fresh and salt water.
  • Moose: The largest species in the deer family, native to the northern parts of North America and Europe.
  • Offspring: The product of reproduction, a new organism produced by one or more parents.
  • Salmon: A type of fish that is born in fresh water, migrates to the ocean, and then returns to fresh water to reproduce.
  • Sheep: A farm animal with a thick woolly coat that is kept for its meat (mutton) and for wool.
  • Dice: Small throwable objects with multiple resting positions, used for generating random numbers.
  • Series: A number of things or events of the same class coming one after another in spatial or temporal succession.
  • Species: The largest group of organisms in which any two individuals can produce fertile offspring, typically by sexual reproduction.

102 Link to heading

Info
In these distant times, the sun was seen to make its daily /1/ across the sky. At night the moon appeared. Every new night the moon waxed or waned a little and on a few nights it did not appear at all. At night the great dome of the heavens was dotted with tiny specks of light. They became known as the stars. It was thought that every star in the heavens had its own purpose and that the /2/ of the universe could be discovered by making a study of them. It was well know that there were wandering stars, they appeared in different nightly positions against their neighbours and they became known as planets. It took centuries, in fact it took millennia, for man to /3/ the true nature of these wandering stars and to evolve a model of the world to accommodate them and to /4/ their positions in the sky.

Journey / Routine / Street / Habit Link to heading

=> journey

Make a journey = travel

Facts / Secrets / Lessons / Assumptions Link to heading

=> secrets

Draw / Follow / Express / Determine Link to heading

=> determine

Addict / Predict / Verdict / Convict Link to heading

=> predict

Addict (n)

  • a person who is unable to stop using or doing something as a habit, especially something harmful
  • a heroin/drug addict
  • a gambling/computer/social media addict

Verdict (n)

  • an opinion or decision made after judging the facts that are given, especially one made at the end of a trial
  • The jury reached/returned a unanimous verdict of (not) guilty.

9 Link to heading

Info
Federal Education Minister Julie Bishop says she has seen no /1/ that foreign students are graduating from Australian universities with poor English skills. Research by Monash University academic Bob Birrell /2/ a third of foreign students are graduating without a competent level of English. But Ms. Bishop says Australian universities only enrol foreign students /3/ they have achieved international standards of language /4/. “This has been an extraordinary attack by Professor Birrell on our universities,” she said. “International students must meet international /5/ in English language in order to get a place at a university in Australia and they can’t get into university without reaching that international standard.” University of Canberra vice chancellor Roger Dean also says international students are required to sit an English test before being admitted to nearly all Australian universities. “There are, of course, intercultural difficulties as well as language difficulties,” he said. “There are, of course, also many Australian students who don’t speak such /6/ good English either. So we’re trying to push the standard even higher than present but it’s a very useful one already.” Ms Bishop says Australia’s university system has high standards. “I’ve seen no evidence to suggest that students are not able to complete their courses because they’re failing in English yet they’re being passed by the universities,” she said. “I’ve not seen any evidence to back that up. International education is one of our largest exports, it’s our fourth largest export and it’s in the interest of our universities to maintain very high standards because their /7/ is at stake.”

Evidence / Fact / Reporter / Discovery Link to heading

=> evidence

Has found / Found / Had found / Has been found Link to heading

=> has found

The present perfect tense is used to describe actions that happened at an unspecified time before now (the exact time it happened is not important).

Once / Because / But / And Link to heading

=> once

Proficiency / Efficiency / Fluency / Progressive Link to heading

=> proficiency

Benchmarks / Levels / Marks / CVs Link to heading

=> benchmarks

Benchmark

  • a level of quality that can be used as a standard when comparing other things
  • Her outstanding performances set a new benchmark for singers throughout the world.

Fantastically / Eventually / Finally / Equally Link to heading

=> fantastically

Reputation / Report / Age / Face Link to heading

=> reputation

99 Link to heading

Info
BARRIE FINNIN, a professor at Monash University’s college of pharmacy in Melbourne, and PhD student Anita Schneider, /1/ tested a new wrinkle cure. Twice daily, 20 male and female volunteers applied a liquid containing Myoxinol, a patented /2/ of okra (Hibiscus esculentus) seed, to one side of their /3/ . On the other side, they applied a similar liquid without Myoxinol. Every week for a month their wrinkles were tested by self-assessment, photography, and the size of depressions made in silicon moulds. The results were impressive. After a month the /4/ and number of wrinkles on the Myoxinol-treated side were reduced by approximately 27 per cent. But Finnin’s research, commissioned by a cosmetics company, is unlikely to be published in a scientific /5/ . It’s hard to even find studies that show the active ingredients in cosmetics penetrate the skin, let alone more comprehensive research on their effects. Even when /6/ studies are commissioned, companies usually control whether the work is published in the traditional scientific literature.

Hardly / Mostly / Fluently / Recently Link to heading

=> recently

Exact / Intact / Extract / Abstract Link to heading

=> extract

Intact:

  • = undamaged: complete and not damaged
  • Most of the house remains intact even after two hundred years.
  • He emerged from the trial with his reputation intact.

Patent Link to heading

  1. (n) an official right to be the only person to make, use or sell a product or an invention; a document that proves this
  • apply for/obtain/take out/file a patent on an invention
  • The device was protected by patent.
  1. (v) to obtain a patent for an invention or a process
  • patent sth
  • a patented technology/device/process

Ages / Body / Faces / Outfits Link to heading

=> faces

Depth / Colour / Quality / Pattern Link to heading

=> depth

Method / Journal / Auditorium / Newspaper Link to heading

=> journal

Ritual / Tenuous / Rigorous / Adaptive Link to heading

=> rigorous

Rigorous

  • = thorough: done carefully and with a lot of attention to detail
  • a rigorous analysis

Tenuous

  1. a tenuous connection, idea, link, or situation is weak and possibly does not exist
  • The police have only found a tenuous connection between the two robberies.
  1. extremely thin and easily broken
  • the tenuous threads of a spider’s web

98 Link to heading

Info
SpaceX’s Falcon 9 rocket lifted off from Cape Canaveral, Florida, on Friday at 1845 GMT (1445 EDT), reaching orbit 9 minutes later. The rocket lofted an uncrewed /1/ of SpaceX’s Dragon capsule, which is designed to one day carry both crew and cargo to orbit. “This has been a good day for SpaceX and a /2/ development for the US human space flight program,” said Robyn Ringuette of SpaceX in a webcast of the launch. In a teleconference with the media on Thursday, SpaceX’s CEO, Paypal co-founder Elon Musk, said he would consider the flight 100 per cent successful if it reached /3/ . “Even if we prove out just that the first stage functions correctly, I’d still say that’s a good day for a test,” he said. “It’s a great day if both stages work correctly.” SpaceX hopes to win a NASA /4/ to launch astronauts to the International Space Station using the Falcon 9. US government space shuttles, which currently make these trips, are scheduled to be /5/ for safety reasons at the end of 2010.

Mock-up / Outline / Blueprint / Replication Link to heading

=> mock-up

Mock-up

  • a full-size model of something large that has not yet been built, showing how it will look or operate

Blueprint

  • an early plan or design that explains how something might be achieved
  • usually a building/machine

Resulting / Promising / Signifying / Demonstrating Link to heading

=> promising

Orbit / Potential / Circularity / Trajectory Link to heading

=> orbit

Orbit can be countable or uncountable, therefore not requiring article (the).

  1. [C]: a specific path that one object takes around another in space
  2. [U]: the concept or field of orbits in general

Orbit:

  • in orbit
    • a space station in orbit around the moon
  • into orbit
    • A new satellite has been put into orbit around the earth.

Trajectory:

  • the curved path that an object follows after it has been thrown or shot into the air
  • the trajectory of a bullet/missile

Circularity

  • the fact of an argument or a theory using an idea or a statement to prove something which is then used to prove the idea or statement at the beginning

Bid / Award / Contract / Objective Link to heading

=> contract

Retired / Accelerated / Launched / Concluded Link to heading

=> retired

97 Link to heading

Info
Remember when universities were /1/ at the seams with students sitting in the aisles, balancing books on their knees? No more, it seems. E-learning is as likely to stand for empty lecture theatres as for the internet /2/ , which has greatly increased the /3/ and range of course materials available online in the past five years." The /4/ now is to simply think, ‘Everything will be online so I don’t need to go to class," said Dr Kerri-Lee Krause, of the Centre for the Study of Higher Education at the University of Melbourne. The nation’s universities are in the process of opening the doors for the new /5/ year and, while classes are generally well /6/ for the early weeks, it often does not last." There is a concern at the university level about student /7/ dropping and why students are not coming to lectures," Dr Krause said.

Buzzing / Bursting / Bustling / Buttoning Link to heading

=> bursting

Be bursting/bulging at the seams (with sb/sth)

  • to be very full, especially of people
  • Los Angeles is bursting at the seams with would-be actors.
  • The film is bursting at the seams with good performances.

Pollution / Period / Revolution / Conclusion Link to heading

=> revolution

Volume / Noise / Loudness / Speed Link to heading

=> volume

Occasion / Temptation / Explanation / Abdication Link to heading

=> temptation

Dr. Kerri-Lee Krause is referring to the temptation students might feel to skip class because they believe everything will be available online. This temptation could lead to lower attendance in physical classrooms.

Temptation:

  • the desire to do or have something that you know is bad or wrong

Abdication:

  • the fact of no longer controlling or managing something that you are in charge of:
  • The council denied that their decision represented any abdication of responsibility/duty.

Lunar / Finance / Academic / Agriculture Link to heading

=> academic

Made / Assured / Attended / Concluded Link to heading

=> attended

ID / Family / Attendance / Relationship Link to heading

=> attendance

Fierce / Negative / Unbeatable / Unpleasant Link to heading

=> fierce

301 Link to heading

Info
In a new study /1/ in the journal Nature Communications, scientists from the universities of Nottingham and Durham and the British Geological Survey (BGS), have discovered the cause of a mass extinction within marine organisms called foraminifera. Foraminifera are an important group in relation to biomass in the deep ocean and the cause of their extinction was /2/ unknown. Scientists tested various possible /3/ for the mass extinction and were able to discount others such as ocean cooling. /4/ they discovered that the extinction was caused by a global change in plankton at the surface of the ocean.

Publishing / Has published / Be publishing / Published Link to heading

=> (which was) published

Currently / Occasionally / Necessarily / Previously Link to heading

=> previously

Exclude “currently” which means “at the present time”

Causes / Factors / Effects / Consequences Link to heading

=> causes

So / Thus / Instead / Hence Link to heading

Need a conjunctive adverb/adverb phrase => exclude coordinating conjunction “so”

Two sentences have contradictory meaning, not a cause-and-effect structure => exclude “thus” and “hence”.

=> instead

302 Link to heading

Info
But look beyond fossil fuels for the most intriguing trends. One is that the energy intensity of the world economy – the amount of energy it takes to produce one dollar’s /1/ of income – keeps falling, at a rate of about 2 percent. What this means is that even without any change in the /2/ shares of fossil-based and fossil-free sources in the world’s energy mix, we could have 2 percent annual economic growth without increasing carbon emissions from energy use. Of course, that is not enough to /3/ climate change and we need more economic growth than that. It is /4/ a stunning number, which refutes the claim by some environmentalists that permanent economic growth is fundamentally incompatible /5/ finite physical resources.

Worth / Plenty / Value / Cost Link to heading

=> worth

Relative / Communal / Relevant / Familiar Link to heading

=> relative

In the second sentence, “shares” means the proportion/percentage/ratio of fossil-based and fossil-free sources in the world’s energy mix.

Relative

  • used to indicate that something is considered in relation to something else.
  • We weighed up the relative advantages of driving there or going by train.

Communal

  • = shared
  • a communal kitchen/garden
  • As a student he tried communal living for a few years.

Point / Address / Outline / Highlight Link to heading

=> address

Thus / Thereby / Nonetheless / Also Link to heading

“It” refers to “2 percent”. 2% is a small number, so saying that it is a stunning number is contradictory => nonetheless

On / Over / By / With Link to heading

=> incompatible

304 Link to heading

Info
Some people lie through their teeth. Some lie about their teeth. Our early human cousins seem to have lied with their teeth. Or they at least misled scientists into first thinking that their diet was something other than it was. See, one of our East African /1/ had chompers that looked so powerful, scientists nicknamed him “/2/ man”. With teeth and jaws so big and strong, /3/ assumed that Paranthropus boisei was partial to nuts and seeds and other crunchy fare. But first impressions can be misleading. Or so say scientists in the current issue of the Public Library of Science journal, PLoS One. Using high-powered microscopes, they took a closer look at this hominid’s teeth. And they /4/ the microscopic wear-and-tear they saw on its molars with that of living primates. Their conclusion? That Paranthropus was capable of eating harder foods, but /5/ didn’t do so. “Looks more like they were eating Jell-O,” says one of the /6/ . Okay, there was no Jell-O two million years ago. But Paranthropus, like many apes and monkeys, probably preferred nice soft fruits. When you think about it, any other choice would be nuts.

Colleagues / Aboriginals / Relatives / Citizens Link to heading

=> relatives => our early human cousins

Nutcracker / Powerful / Wonderful / Sick Link to heading

=> nutcracker

No one / Anyone / None / Everyone Link to heading

=> everyone

Partial Link to heading

To be partial to somebody/something

  • liking somebody/something very much
  • I’m not partial to mushrooms.

Compared / Studied / Observed / Recognised Link to heading

=> compared

Usually / Rarely / Hardly ever / Generally Link to heading

=> generally

Observers / Researchers / Students / Colleagues Link to heading

=> researchers => scientists

305 Link to heading

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Of all those whose names are associated with the invention of photography, Louis Daguerre is perhaps the most famous. He started out as a student of architecture, but by the age of sixteen was working as a stage /1/ and his work in this field, especially his handling of lighting effects, brought him to fame. His /2/ in photography grew out of his use of the camera obscura to help with perspective in painting and his desire to freeze the image. To this end, he formed a partnership with the photographer Nicephore Niepce – but this was short-lived as Niepce died not long after. Daguerre continued to experiment and made, it seems by accident, an important discovery: he had put an /3/ photographic plate – this was, of course, before the age of film – in his chemical cupboard and some days later found that the latent image had developed. There was also a broken thermometer in the cupboard, and he /4/ that the vapour from the mercury had caused it. This meant it was now possible to reduce the time the plate was exposed from eight hours to thirty minutes. This produced an image. The next step was to fix it, which he managed to do in 1837. He called this new process the Daguerreotype, then advertised and looked for sponsors, but /5/ very few people were interested. The discovery was made public on January 1839, but details of the process were not given until August the same year, the French government in the meantime having bought the rights to the process.

Maker / Planner / Designer / Projector Link to heading

=> designer

A stage designer is responsible for creating the visual and physical context for a production.

A projector is a tool that projects images or videos onto a screen or other surfaces on the stage.

Knowledge / Fame / Interest / Attraction Link to heading

=> interest

Grow out of sth = develop from sth

Exposed / Naked / Ordinary / Single Link to heading

=> exposed

Spent / Assumed / Consumed / Destroyed Link to heading

=> assumed

Fully / Subsequently / Consequently / Initially Link to heading

=> initially

  1. Exclude subsequently (= afterwards)
  2. Exclude consequently (= therefore)

306 Link to heading

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Light is usually described as a form of energy and it is indeed a kind of electromagnetic energy, not much different from radio waves, television signals, heat, and X-rays. All of these are made up of waves that /1/ , bend, interfere with one another, and react with obstacles in their path, rather like waves in water. A physicist might tell you that light, along with all its electromagnetic relatives, is really a form of matter, little different from more /2/ matter such as houses and, like them, it is made up of individual particles. Light particles, called photons, travel in streams, similar to the way in which water pours through a hose. To most people, this might sound paradoxical or illogical, as many things to do with physics seem to these days. How can light be both energy and matter, wave and particle? The reason it can be is, in fact, not at all /3/: all energy is a form of matter. Almost everybody recognises- even if they do not understand- Einstein’s famous equation, E =mc2, which spells it out: E refers to energy and m to the mass of matter. Furthermore, all matter has some of the characteristics of waves and some of the particles, but the waves of such solid-seeming things as houses are not /4/ and can generally be ignored because ordinary matter acts as if it were made up of particles.

Stretch / Expand / Spread / Extend Link to heading

=> spread

Agricultural / Substantial / Environmental / Notable Link to heading

=> substantial

Substantial

  • = real = true
  • real and tangible rather than imaginary or illusory
  • a substantial house

Mixed / Blend / Complicated / Mutual Link to heading

=> complicated

Discernible / Acceptable / Receivable / Admitted Link to heading

=> discernible = noticeable (= can be seen)

Not discernible => can generally be ignored

55 Link to heading

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According to a report, Social Isolation in America, published in the American Sociological Review in 2006, the average American today has only two close friends. Twenty-five per cent of those surveyed said they do not have anyone to talk with about important things. And /1/ , while some are declaring a crisis in our ability to make friends, others are saying exactly the opposite. For example, MSN’s Anatomy of Friendship Report, published last November, suggests that the average Briton has 54 friends - a spectacular rise of 64 per cent since 2003. So what is happening to friendship? Why the contradictory evidence? Are we better or worse at the relationship without /2/ , Aristotle said, no one would choose to live, even if they had every other good thing in life? Some of the confusion might stem from the way that friendship has traditionally been studied. The most celebrated technique /3/ around what is called social capital, according to Professor Robert.

Yet / Hence / Of Course / Then Link to heading

=> yet

Which / What / Whose / When Link to heading

=> which

Are we better or worse at the relationship without which no one would choose to live = Are we better or worse at the relationship which no one would choose to live without

“which” refers to “the relationship”

Revolves / Resolves / Retrieves / Reveals Link to heading

=> revolves

Revolve around sb/sth

  • to have somebody/something as the main interest or subject

80 Link to heading

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No one in Parliament would know better than Peter Garrett what largesse copyright can /1/ , so it may seem right that he should announce a royalty for artists, amounting to 5 per cent of all sales after the original one, which can go on giving to their families for as much as 150 years. But that ignores the truth that copyright law is a /2/ , recently /3/ by the Free Trade Agreement with the US which required extension of copyright to 70 years after death. Is it scandalous that really valuable copyrights end up in the ownership of corporations (although Agatha Christie’s no-doubt worthy great-grandchildren are still /4/ the benefits of West End success for her who dunnits and members of the Garrick Club enjoy the continuing fruits of A.A. Milne’s Christopher Robin books)? No. The /5/ is that bien pensants politicians have /6/ to appear cultured by creating private assets which depend on an act of Parliament for their existence and by giving away much more in value than any public benefit could /7/ . In doing so, they have betrayed our trust.

Confer / Conduct / Concise / Consolidate Link to heading

=> confer

Confer

  1. confer sth
  • to grant a benefit or an advantage to someone or something.
  1. confer (with somebody) (on/about something)
  • to discuss something with somebody, in order to exchange opinions or get advice

In the context, the sentence “what largesse copyright can confer => copyright can confer largesse” means that copyright can give or bestow wealth or generosity.

Royal / Sandal / Scandal / Pitfall Link to heading

=> scandal

Hint: ___ scandalous

Probated / Intubated / Maintained / Exacerbated Link to heading

=> exacerbated

Exacerbate

  • = worsen = aggravate
  • His aggressive reaction only exacerbated the situation.

Reaping / Leaping / Heaping / Keeping Link to heading

=> reaping

Reap/obtain the benefits

News / Piece / Scandal / Newspaper Link to heading

=> scandal

Tempted / Exempted / Attempted / Pre-empted Link to heading

=> attempted

Quantify / Magnify / Justify / Amplify Link to heading

=> justify

166 Link to heading

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I do not think I am twisting the usual meaning of drama if I define it as a presentation before spectators by performers who take on roles and who interact with each other to further a story or a text intended for such presentations. This is intended as a /1/ definition simple enough to be recalled easily. Indeed, it is so simple that I should point out that it makes one or two distinctions that are perhaps not immediately obvious. First, to say that performers “take on roles” leaves /2/ the possibility that they are not within the roles to other performances as such alternative phrases as “performers in character” or “characters represented by actors” do not. To say that the performers “interact with each other” might seem unnecessary , but is in fact important, for in traditional societies there are many performances in which different characters appear successively and simultaneously but, nevertheless , do not interact. And I say “to further a story” because a progression of the story may not provide the structure of the performance.

Hanging / Using / Working / Applying Link to heading

=> working

A working definition is a provisional or temporary definition that is good enough for the work at hand.

Undoubted / Go / Covered / Open Link to heading

=> open

Leave open the possibility of sth

  • leave sth undecided, allowing for possibilities or changes in the future to sth
  • The company leaves open the possibility of expanding into other markets in the future.

149 Link to heading

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The school-to-work transition is a historically /1/ topic of education policy-making and reform that impacts national systems of vocational education and training (Bailey, 1995). The transition process refers to a period between completion of general education and the beginning of vocational education or the beginning of gainful employment as well as to training systems, institutions, and programs that prepare young people for careers (Rauner, 1999). The status passage of youth from school-to-work has changed structurally under late modernism, and young people are forced to adapt to changing demands of their environment especially when planning for entry into the labour market. While some young people have developed successful strategies to cope with these requirements, those undereducated and otherwise disadvantaged in society often face serious problems when trying to prepare for careers (DuBois - Reymond, 1998). Longer transitions lead to greater vulnerability and to risky behaviours (Furlong & Cartmel, 1997).

Competent / Assistant / Persistent / Insistent Link to heading

=> persistent

A persistent topic is a topic that continues to be a focus of discussion or research over a long period of time.

77 Link to heading

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University science is now in real crisis – particularly the non-telegenic, non-ology bits of it such as chemistry. Since 1996, 28 universities have stopped offering chemistry degrees, according to the Royal Society of Chemistry. The society predicts that as few as six departments (those at Durham, Cambridge, Imperial, UCL, Bristol and Oxford) could remain /1/ by 2014. Most recently, Exeter University closed down its chemistry department, blaming it on “market forces”, and Bristol took in some of the refugees. The closures have been blamed on a fall in student applications, but money is a factor : chemist degrees are expensive to provide – compared with English, for example – and some scientists say that the way the government concentrates research /2/ on a small number of top departments, such as Bristol, exacerbates the problem.

Open / Shut / Vacant / Closed Link to heading

=> open

Justification: there is a crisis => many is shut => so that only a few remains open

Fund / Funding / Founding / Foundation Link to heading

=> funding

  1. fund [countable] - an existing collection or source of money
  2. funding [uncountable] - the action of putting/allocating the money into the fund
    • The majority of nouns ending with ‘ing’, such as ‘funding’, are usually uncountable

If seeing a blank that requires a noun, there are two possibilities:

  1. Countable
    1. Singular: following an article
    2. Plural: followed by “s/es”
  2. Uncountable

20 Link to heading

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Pinker has argued that swathes of our mental, social and emotional lives may have originated as evolutionary adaptations, well suited to the lives our ancestors eked out on the Pleistocene savannah. Sometimes it seems as if nothing is /1/ from being explained this way. Road rage, adultery, marriage, altruism, our tendency to reward senior executives with corner offices on the top floor, and the small number of women who become mechanical engineers – all may have their roots in natural selection, Pinker claims. The controversial implications are obvious that men and women might differ in their inborn abilities at performing certain tasks, for example, or that parenting may have little influence on personality.

Prevented / Derived / Immune / Different Link to heading

=> immune

To be immune (from sth) = exempt

  • to be resistant or unaffected by something

This means that according to Pinker’s argument, no aspect of our mental, social, and emotional lives is exempt from being potentially explained as an evolutionary adaptation.

21 Link to heading

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Drive down any highway, and you’ll see a proliferation of chain restaurants – most likely, if you travel long and far enough, you’ll see McDonald’s golden arches as well as signs for Burger King, Hardee’s, and Wendy’s, the “big four” of burgers. Despite its name, though, Burger King has fallen short of claiming the burger crown, unable to surpass market leader McDonald’s No.1 sales status. Always the bridesmaid and never the bride, Burger King remains No.2. Worse yet, Burger King has experienced a six-year 22 percent decline in customer traffic, with its overall quality rating dropping while ratings for the other three /1/ have increased. The decline has been attributed to inconsistent product quality and poor customer service. Although the chain tends to throw advertising dollars at the problem, an understanding of Integrated Marketing Communication theory would suggest that internal management problems (nineteen CEOs in fifty years) need to be /2/ before a unified, long-term strategy can put in place. The /3/ of consistency in brand image and messages, at all levels of communication, has become a basic tenet of IMC theory and practice. The person who takes the customer’s order must communicate the same message as Burger King’s famous tagline, “Have it your way,” or the customer will just buzz up the highway to a chain restaurant that seems more consistent and, therefore, more reliable .

Contenders / Participants / Contestants / Applicants Link to heading

=> contenders

Contender

  • a person or team who is competing for a prize or title

Contestant

  • a person or team who takes part in a contest or competition, while a contender is someone

For example, in a game show, all the participants are contestants, but only the ones who perform well and advance to the final round are contenders.

Enacted / Rectified / Surpassed / Disorganised Link to heading

=> rectified

Rectify

  • to correct something or make something right

Impotence / Importance / Complacency / Vitality Link to heading

=> importance

Impotence

  • = powerlessness
  • lack of power to change or improve a situation

Vitality

  • = vigour
  • energy and enthusiasm

Complacency

  • = complacence
  • a feeling of calm satisfaction with your own abilities or situation that prevents you from trying harder

26 Link to heading

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Impressionism was a nineteenth-century art movement that began as a loose association of artists who started publicly exhibiting their art in the 1860s. Characteristics of Impressionist painting include visible brush strokes, light colours, open composition, emphasis on the light in its changing qualities (often accentuating the effects of the passage of time), ordinary subject matter, and unusual visual angles. The name of the movement is derived from Claude Monet’s Impression, Sunrise (Impression, Soleil Levant). Critic Louis Leroy inadvertently coined the term in a satiric review published in Le Charivari. Radical in their time, early Impressionists broke the rules of academic painting. They began by giving colours, freely brushed, primacy over lines, drawing /1/ from the work of painters such as Eugene Delacroix. They also took the act of painting out of the studio and into the world. Previously, not only still-lifes and portraits, but also landscapes had been painted indoors, but the Impressionists found that they could capture the momentary and transient effects of sunlight by painting en plein air (in plain air).

Aberration / Celebration / Perspiration / Inspiration Link to heading

=> inspiration

36 Link to heading

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When I enrolled in my master’s course at Oxford last year, I had come straight from medical school with the decision to leave clinical science for good. Thinking back, I realise that I didn’t put very much thought into this decision at the time. But today, I more clearly understand the consequences of leaving my original profession. When I meet old friends who are now physicians and surgeons, I sense how our views on medical problems have diverged . They scrutinize the effects of disease and try to eliminate or alleviate them; I try to understand how they come about in the first place. I feel happier working on this side of the problem, although I do occasionally miss clinical work and seeing patients. However, when I think about the rate at which my medical skills and knowledge have /1/, the years spent reading weighty medical textbooks, the hours spent at the bedside, I sometimes wonder if these years were partly a waste of time now that I am pursuing a research career. Nonetheless, I know the value of my medical education. It is easy to forget the importance of the biosciences when working with model organisms in basic research that seem to have nothing to do with a sick child or a suffering elderly person. Yet, I still have vivid memories of the cruel kaleidoscope of severe diseases and of how they can /2/ a human being. I hope to retain these memories as a guide in my current occupation.

Weakened / Vanished / Faded / Dissipated Link to heading

=> dissipated

  1. Weakened: This refers to something becoming less strong or powerful.
  2. Vanished: This implies a sudden or unexplained disappearance.
  3. Faded: This suggests a gradual loss of colour or intensity.
  4. Dissipated: This often refers to scattering or dispersion.

The rate ___ is dissipated / scattered.

Destroy / Strike / Defeat / Invade Link to heading

=> strike

A disease/disaster strikes sb/sth

  • to happen suddenly and have a harmful or damaging effect on sb/sth

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Equitable and sustainable management of water resources is a major global challenge. About one-third of the world’s population lives in countries with moderate to high water stress with /1/ high impacts on the poor. With previously projected human population growth, industrial development, and the expansion of irrigated agriculture in the next two decades, water demand will rise to levels that will make the task of providing water for human sustenance more difficult. Since its establishment, the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP) has worked to promote sustainable water resources management practices through collaborative approaches at the national, regional, and global levels. After more than 30 years, water resources management continues to be a strong pillar of UNEP’s work. UNEP is actively participating in addressing water issues together with partner UN, other organisations, and donors. They facilitate and catalyse water resource assessments in various developing countries; implement projects that assist countries in developing integrated water resource management plans; create awareness of innovative alternative technologies; and assist the development, implementation, and enforcement of water resource management policies, laws, and regulations.

Fully / Expected / Proportionately / Disproportionately Link to heading

=> disproportionately

Disproportionately

  • in a way that is too large or too small when compared with sth else
  • The lower-paid spend a disproportionately large amount of their earnings on food.
  • Their insurance is disproportionately expensive.

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Music is an important part of our lives. We connect and interact with it daily and use it as a way of projecting our self-identities to the people around us. The music we enjoy - whether it’s country or classical, rock n’ roll or rap - reflects who we are. But where did music, at its core, first come from? It’s a puzzling question that may not have a definitive answer. One /1/ researcher, however, has proposed that the key to understanding the origin of music is nestled snugly in the loving bond between mother and child. In a lecture at the University of Melbourne, Richard Parncutt, an Australian-born professor of systematic musicology, endorsed the idea that music originally spawned from ‘motherese’ - the playful voices mothers adopt when speaking to infants and toddlers. As the theory goes, increased human brain sizes caused by evolutionary changes occurring between one and 2,000,000 years ago resulted in earlier births, more fragile infants, and a critical need for stronger relationships between mothers and their newborn babies. According to Parncutt, who is based at the University of Graz in Austria, “motherese” arose as a way to strengthen this maternal bond and to help ensure an infant’s survival.

Infamous / Notorious / Leading / Flagging Link to heading

=> leading

Infamous and Notorious

  • to be widely and unfavourably known for some negative or scandalous reason.
  • Infamous usually implies a more serious or evil reputation, while notorious can sometimes be used in a more neutral or even positive sense.

Leading and Flagging

  • Leading means being at the front, ahead, or in the first place.
  • Flagging means falling behind, losing strength, or declining.

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In the literary world, it was an accepted assumption that the 1970s was a time of unprecedented growth in homegrown Australian fiction. And everybody was reading and talking about books by young Australian women. But it was not until recently that a researcher was able to measure just how many novels were published in that decade, and she found that there had been a decline in novels by Australian writers overall, but confirmed an increase in women’s novels. It is the sort of research-testing ideas about literacy history that is becoming possible with the spread of “Digital Humanities”. The intersection of Humanities and digital technologies is opening up opportunities in the fields of literature, linguistics, history and language that were not possible without computational methods and digitised resources to bring information together in an accessible way. Transcription software is being developed for turning scans of books and documents into text, as the field of digital humanities really take /1/.

Up / Off / In /Out Link to heading

=> off

Take off

  • (of an idea, a product, etc.)
  • to become successful or popular very quickly or suddenly
  • The new magazine has really taken off.

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A sustainable transportation system is one in which people’s needs and desires for access to jobs, commerce, recreation, culture and home are accommodated using a minimum of resources. Applying /1/ of /2/ to transportation will reduce pollution generated by gasoline-powered engines, noise, traffic congestion, land devaluation, urban sprawl, economic segregation, and injury to drivers, pedestrians and cyclists. In addition, the costs of commuting, shipping, housing and goods will be reduced . Ultimately in a sustainable San Francisco, almost all trips to and /3/ the City will be on public transit, foot or bicycle-as will a good part of trips to the larger Bay Region. Walking through streets designed for pedestrians and bicycles will be more pleasant than walking through those designed for the automobile. Street-front retail and commercial establishments will prosper from the large volume of foot traffic drawn to an environment enhanced by trees, appropriately designed “street furniture,” (street lights, bicycle racks, benches, and the like) and other people. Rents and property costs will be lowered as land for off-street parking is no longer required or needed.

Rules / Ideas / Principles / Regulations Link to heading

=> principles

Principles of sustainability

  • = Triple Bottom Line
  • Principles that focus on a company’s impact on three aspects of the world, namely environmental, social, and economic sustainability.

Economics / Sustainability / Environment/ Urbanisation Link to heading

=> sustainability

Among / Within / Away / Between Link to heading

=> within

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To qualify as a conservancy, a committee must define the conservancy’s boundary, elect a representative conservancy committee, negotiate a legal constitution, prove the committee’s ability to /1/ funds, and produce an acceptable plan for /2/ distribution of wildlife-related benefits. Once approved, /3/ conservancies acquire the rights to a sustainable wildlife /4/, set by the ministry.

Freeze / Borrow / Manage / Attract Link to heading

=> manage

Although Other Words Can Be Collocated With “Funds”, But “Manage” Is The Most General Term That Would Include All Aspects Of Dealing With Funds.

Moral / Equal / Equitable / Stable Link to heading

=> equitable

Equitable

  • fair and reasonable, implying justice
  • Equitable is used with these nouns: distribution, redistribution, system

Registered / Enrolled / Identified / Qualified Link to heading

=> registered

“registered” is the most fitting term in this case as it implies an official status granted by an authority.

Limit / Number / Vacancy / Quota Link to heading

=> quota

Quota (on something)

  • a limited number or amount of people or things that is officially allowed
  • to introduce a strict import quota on grain

124 Link to heading

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However, proper /1/ shows that for each hectare government subsidies formed $8,412 of this figure and there were costs, too: $1,000 for pollution and $12,392 for losses to ecosystem services. These comprised damage to the supply of foods and medicines that people had taken from the forest, the loss of habitats for fish, and less buffering against storms. And because a given shrimp farm only stays productive for three or four years, there was the additional cost of restoring them afterwards.

Study / Accounting / Estimated / Summarising Link to heading

=> accounting

135 Link to heading

Info
Equally critical is the challenge of water security. The UN Environment Programme (UNEP) has pointed out that about one- third of the world’s population lives in countries with moderate to high water stress, with a disproportionate impact on the poor. With current projected global population growth, the task of providing water for human /1/ will become increasingly difficult. And increasing competition over this scarce but vital resource may fuel instability and conflict within states as well as between states. The UN is doing a great deal in both areas to proactively foster collaboration among Member States. UNEP has long been actively addressing the water issue together with partner UN /2/ and other organisations. Looking ahead, the UN can do more to build synergies of technology, policy and capacity in this field. In this regard, events like the annual World Water Week in Stockholm come to the forefront of the public mind when talking about championing water issues.

Maintenance / Living / Sustainability / Sustenance Link to heading

=> sustenance

Sustenance

  • = nourishment
  • the food and drink that people, animals and plants need to live and stay healthy

Partners / Agencies/ Companies / Cooperates Link to heading

=> agencies

UN agencies

  • Specialised organisations within the UN system that have their own mandates, governance structures, and budgets
  • E.g., WHO, UNESCO, UNICEF, and FAO

142 Link to heading

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It is important to emphasise the need for hard work as an essential part of studying law, because far too many students are tempted to think that they can succeed by relying on what they imagine to be their natural ability, without bothering to add the /1/ of effort. To take an analogy some people prefer the more or less instant gratification which comes from watching television adaptation of a classic novel to the rather more labourious process of reading the novel itself. Those who prefer watching television to reading the book are less likely to study law successfully, unless they rapidly acquire a /2/ for text-based materials.

Costing / Payment / Expenditure / Exhaustion Link to heading

=> expenditure

Expenditure of sth

  • the use of energy, time, materials, etc.
  • This study represents a major expenditure of time and effort.

Custom / Mode / Taste / Style Link to heading

=> taste

A taste (for/in sth)

  • what a person likes or prefers
  • That trip gave me a taste for foreign travel.

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DNA is a molecule that does two things. First, it acts as the /1/ material, which is passed down from generation to generation. Second, it directs, to a considerable extent, the construction of our bodies, telling our cells what kinds of molecules to make and /2/ our development from a single-celled zygote to a fully formed adult. These two things are of course connected . The DNA sequences that construct the best bodies are more likely to get passed down to the next generation because well-constructed bodies are more likely to survive and thus to reproduce. This is Darwin’s theory of natural selection stated in the language of DNA.

Function / Astonishing / Aspiring / Hereditary Link to heading

=> hereditary

Hereditary

  • /həˈredɪtri/
  • (of a disease or characteristic) given to a child by its parents before it is born
  • a hereditary disease/condition
  • Hair loss is often hereditary.

Controlling / Tackling / Guiding / Impacting Link to heading

=> guiding

201 Link to heading

Info
Cultural studies is a new way of engaging in the study of culture. In the past many academic subjects including anthropology, history, literary studies human geography and sociology have brought their own disciplinary concerns to the study of culture. However, in recent decades there has been a /1/ interest in the study of culture that has crossed disciplinary boundaries. The resulting activity, cultural studies, has emerged as an intriguing and exciting area of intellectual inquiry that has already shed important new life on the character of human cultures and which promises to continue so to do. While there is a little doubt that cultural studies are coming to be widely recognised as an important and distinctive field of study, it does seem to encompass a potentially enormous area. This is because the term ‘culture’ has a complex history and range of usages, which have provided a legitimate /2/ of inquiry for several academic disciplines.

Renew / Renewed / Renewing / Renewable Link to heading

=> renewed

There has been a renewed interest in sth

  • sth that was not very popular or important for some time has become more attractive or relevant again
  • There has been a renewed interest in network resilience after the recent Optus outage.

Idea / Centre / Focus / Angle Link to heading

=> focus

202 Link to heading

Info
A mini helicopter modelled on flying tree seeds could soon be flying overhead. Evan Ulrich and colleagues at the University of Maryland in College Park /1/ to the biological world for inspiration to build a scaled-down helicopter that could mimic the properties of full-size aircraft. The complex design of full-size helicopters gets less efficient when shrunk, meaning that standard mini helicopters expend most of their power simply fighting to stay stable in the air. The researchers realised that a simpler aircraft designed to stay stable passively would use much less power and reduce manufacturing costs to boot. It turns out that nature /2/ them to it. The seeds of trees such as the maple have a single-blade structure that allows them to fly far away and drift safely to the ground. These seeds, known as samaras, need no engine to spin through the air, thanks to a process called autorotation. By analysing the behaviour of the samara with high-speed cameras, Ulrich and his team were able to copy its design. The samara copter is not the first single-winged helicopter – one was flown in 1952, and others have been attempted since – but it is the first to take advantage of the samara’s autorotation. This allows Ulrich’s vehicle to perform some neat tricks, such as falling safely to the ground if its motor fails or using vertical columns of air to stay aloft indefinitely. “We can turn off the motor and autorotate, which requires no power to sustain,” says Ulrich.

Went / Headed / Intended / Turned Link to heading

=> turned

Turn to sb/sth

  • to go to somebody/something for help, advice, etc.
  • She has nobody she can turn to.

Will beat / Will be beaten / Had beaten / Had been beaten Link to heading

=> had beaten

225 Link to heading

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This summer, 41 UBC alumni and friends participated in expeditions to the Canadian Arctic and the legendary Northwest Passage. Presentations, conversations and learning accompanied their exploration of the great /1/ aboard the Russian-flagged Akademik Ioffe, designed and built in Finland as a scientific research vessel in 1989. Her bridge was open to passengers virtually 24 hours a day. Experts on board presented on topics including climate change, wildlife, Inuit culture and history, and early European explorers. UBC professor Michael Byers presented on the issue of Arctic sovereignty, a /2/ cause of debate as ice melts, new shipping routes open, and natural resources become accessible. Recommended pre-trip reading was late UBC alumnus Pierre Berton’s book, The Arctic Grail.

Habitat / Natural / Outdoors / Field Link to heading

=> outdoors

“outdoors” refers to the natural environment in the Arctic and the Northwest Passage that they were exploring.

Satisfying / Tremendous / Growing / Devastating Link to heading

=> growing

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Genius, in the popular conception, is inextricably tied up with precocity—doing something truly creative, we’re inclined to think, requires the freshness and exuberance and energy of youth. Orson Welles made his masterpiece, “Citizen Kane,” at twenty-five. Herman Melville wrote a book a year /1/ his late twenties, culminating at age thirty-two, with “Moby-Dick.” Mozart wrote his breakthrough Piano Concerto No. 9 in E-Flat-Major at the age of twenty-one. In some creative forms, like lyric poetry, the importance of precocity has hardened into an iron law. How old was T. S. Eliot when he wrote “The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock” (“I grow old . . . I grow old”)? Twenty-three. “Poets peak young,” the creativity researcher James Kaufman maintains. Mihály Csíkszentmihályi, the author of “Flow,” agrees: “The most creative lyric verse is believed to be that written by the young.” According to the Harvard psychologist Howard Gardner, a leading authority on creativity, “Lyric poetry is a domain where talent is discovered early, burns brightly, and then peters out at an early age.”

Over / Through / On / At Link to heading

=> through

  1. “through” indicates a continuous period of time during which he was writing a book each year.
  2. “over” implies that the process was intermittent or spread out, rather than a continuous effort.

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Some students say that they need complete quiet to read and study. Others study best in a crowded, noisy room because the noise actually helps them concentrate. Some students like quiet music playing; others do not. The point is, you should know the level of noise that is optimal for your own studying. However, one general rule for all students is that the television seems to be more of a distraction than music or other background noise, so /1/ the TV off when you are reading or studying. Also ,don’t let yourself become distracted by computer games, email, or Internet surfing.

Put / Turn / Make / Leave Link to heading

=> leave

Leave sb/sth + adj

  • to make or allow sb/sth to remain in a particular condition
  • Leave the door open, please.
  • The bomb blast left 25 people dead.

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Financing of Australian higher education has undergone dramatic change since the early 1970s. Although the Australian Government provided regular funding for universities from the late 1950s, in 1974 it /1/ full responsibility for funding higher education - abolishing tuition fees to make university accessible to all Australians who had the ability and who wished to participate in higher education.

Since the late 1980s, there has been a move towards greater private contributions, particularly student fees. In 1989, the Australian Government introduced the Higher Education Contribution Scheme (HECS) which included a loans scheme to help students finance their contributions . This enabled universities to remain accessible to students by delaying their payments until they could afford to pay off their loans. In 2002, the Australian Government introduced a scheme similar to HECS for postgraduate students - the Postgraduate Education Loan Scheme (PELS).

Funding for higher education comes from various sources. This article examines the three main sources - Australian Government funding, student fees and charges, and HECS. While the proportion of total revenue raised through HECS is relatively small, HECS payments are a significant component of students' university costs, with many students carrying a HECS debt for several years after leaving university. This article also focuses on characteristics of university students based on their HECS liability status, and the level of accumulated HECS debt.

Gained / Achieved / Assumed / Came Link to heading

=> assumed

Assume something

  • to take or begin to have power or responsibility
  • Rebel forces have assumed control of the capital.
  • Lynch assumed office in April.
  • Goodman will assume the role of president.

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At the end of the last ice age, the melting ice disrupted the ocean currents in the North Atlantic and caused a drop in temperature of almost 5 degrees. Even though the rest of the planet was warming up , the North Atlantic region remained in a cold period for 1300 years. The same thing happened around 8000 years ago, when the cooling lasted about a hundred years, and it /1/ happen again today. Even a short period of cooling in the North Atlantic could have a dramatic effect on the wildlife, and the human populations, living there.

Can / Could / Could have / Should Link to heading

=> could

  • “could” is used to express slight or uncertain possibility.
    • A potential event that might happen in the future, but we’re not certain that it will => “could”
  • “can” is used to express ability or capacity, and in this context, it would imply a certainty or inevitability.

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Clean water was very important to the Romans. Cities, towns and forts were built near springs. However, as Roman cities and towns grew, they needed to bring in water from /1/. As the population grew, so did the need for clean water. Trying to shift large volumes of water underground in pipes was not possible as lead pipes would be too weak and bronze pipes would be too expensive. The Romans could not make cast iron pipes as the techniques for doing this were not known to them. If water could not be brought via pipes, the Romans decided to bring it overland in what were conduits. When the water got to the city, it was fed off into smaller bronze or ceramic pipes. To get the water to flow at an even (and slow) pace, conduits were built on a slight slope. Valleys were crossed by using aqueducts. One of the most famous of these is the Pont du Gard aqueduct at Nimes in southern France. Where possible, the Romans did take water through tunnels but the hills needed to be relatively small for this to be successful.

These origins / Diffrent parts / Further afield / Specific sources Link to heading

=> further afield

Far/farther/further afield

  • far away from home; to or in places that are not near
  • You can hire a car if you want to explore further afield.
  • People commute to London from as far afield as France.

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No matter whether you speak English or Urdu, Waloon or Waziri, Portuguese or Persian, the roots of your language are the same. Proto-Indo-European (PIE) is the mother tongue _ shared by several hundred contemporary languages, as well as many now extinct, and spoken by people who lived from about 6,000 to 3,500 BC on the steppes to the north of the Caspian Sea. They left no written texts and although historical linguists have, since the 19th century, painstakingly reconstructed the language from daughter languages, the question of how it actually sounded was assumed to be permanently out of reach. Now, researchers at the Universities of Cambridge and Oxford have developed a sound-based method to move back through the family tree of languages that stem from PIE. They can simulate how certain words /1/ when they were spoken 8,000 years ago. Remarkably, at the /2/ of the technology is the statistics of shape. ‘Sounds have shape,’ explains Professor John Aston, from Cambridge’s Statistical Laboratory. ‘As a word is uttered it vibrates air, and the shape of this soundwave can be measured and turned into a series of numbers. Once we have these stats, and the stats of another spoken word, we can start asking how similar they are and what it would take to shift from one to another.’

Sound / Have sounded / Would sound / Would have sounded Link to heading

=> would have sound

Would have + V3/ed

  • used when referring to a hypothetical situation in the past.
  • In this context, it means how the words might have been pronounced if we could go back 8,000 years and hear them.

Moment / Heart / End / Cost Link to heading

=> heart

At the heart of sth = to be the most important part of sth

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At the moment, there are between six and seven thousand languages in the world. According to linguists, fifty percent of these are in danger of becoming extinct. The speed of language loss has accelerated over the past few decades because businesses that need to communicate with a range of people from other cultures prefer to employ more widely used languages, such as English, Chinese, or Spanish. This attitude is understandable, but it means that many local languages are dying out before anyone /1/ the opportunity to study them. According to linguists, some of these languages could reveal a great deal of useful information about language learning and cognitive development. In addition, a local language that has been built on the local culture contains words and phrases that express that culture; lose the language and you arguably may lose the culture, too. And finally, historians will argue that a language contains evidence of a region’s history and should, for that reason alone, be preserved.

Has had / Would have / Have / Having had Link to heading

=> has had

  1. “Has had” is to describe a situation that existed in the past and may still exist now.
  2. “Would have” is used to describe a hypothetical situation in the past that did not happen.

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They call it the “marshmallow test.” A four- to-six-year-old-child sits alone in a room at a table facing a marshmallow on a plate. The child is told: “If you don’t eat this /1/ for 15 minutes you can have both it and a second one.” Kids on average wait for five or six minutes before eating the marshmallow. The longer a child can resist the temptation, the higher their general competency later in life would be. Now a study shows that ability to resist temptation isn’t strictly /2/ – it’s also highly influenced by environment.

Fun / Joy / Treat / Recipe Link to heading

=> treat

Treat (n)

  • something very pleasant that somebody can enjoy
  • When I was young, chocolate was a treat.

Fun/Joy/Recipe are not edible

Intimate / Innate / Disguised / Artificial Link to heading

=> innate

Innate

  • = inborn
  • (of a quality, feeling, etc.) that you have when you are born
  • He never lost his innate sense of fun.

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Two decades ago, Kashmiri houseboat-owners rubbed their hands every spring at the prospect of the annual influx of tourists . From May to October, the hyacinth-choked /1/ of Dal Lake saw flotillas of vividly painted Shikaras carrying Indian families, boho westerners, young travellers and wide-eyed Japanese. Carpet-sellers /2/ their skills, as did purveyors of anything remotely embroidered while the house boats initiated by the British Raj provided unusual accommodation. Then, in 1989, separatist and Islamist militancy /3/ and everything changed. Hindus and countless Kashmiri business people bolted, at least 35,000 people were killed in a decade, the lake stagnated, and the houseboats rotted. Any foreigners venturing there risked their lives, proved in 1995 when five young Europeans were kidnapped and murdered.

Volume / Connection / Waters / Atmosphere Link to heading

=> waters

Waters

  • the surface or area covered by water
  • different types of water (e.g., salt water and fresh water)
  • a collection of water (e.g., oceans, rivers, and lakes)

Flotilla

  • a group of boats or small ships sailing together

Enacted / Honed / Registered / Waster Link to heading

=> honed

Hone a skill

  • /həʊn/
  • to develop and improve sth, especially a skill, over a period of time
  • She honed her debating skills at college.

Followed / Enacted / Attacked / Fell Link to heading

=> attacked … 35,000 people were killed

“attack” can be both a transitive and an intransitive verb.

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Cells are now /1/ as a unifying concept. A cell is the smallest unit of structure and function. Thus, cells are the basic building blocks of all organisms. Cells vary in size. With few exceptions, individual cells are so small they cannot be seen unaided. In 1665, a British scientist named Robert Hooke observed cells for the first time using a microscope. A microscope is an instrument that magnifies an object. Most images of cells are taken with a microscope and are called micrographs.

Determined / Claimed / Accepted / Revised Link to heading

=> accepted

Accept

  • to believe that sth is true
  • accept sth
    • I don’t accept his version of events.
  • accept sth as sth
    • Can we accept his account as the true version?
  • (it is) accept that …
    • It is generally accepted that people are motivated by success.
  • sth is accepted to be, have, etc. sth
    • Their workforce is widely accepted to have the best conditions in Europe.